Version: 1.9.2

Operators (I to M)

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Definition

Operators in the GAML language are used to compose complex expressions. An operator performs a function on one, two, or n operands (which are other expressions and thus may be themselves composed of operators) and returns the result of this function.

Most of them use a classical prefixed functional syntax (i.e. operator_name(operand1, operand2, operand3), see below), with the exception of arithmetic (e.g. +, /), logical (and, or), comparison (e.g. >, <), access (., [..]) and pair (::) operators, which require an infixed notation (i.e. operand1 operator_symbol operand1).

The ternary functional if-else operator, ? :, uses a special infixed syntax composed with two symbols (e.g. operand1 ? operand2 : operand3). Two unary operators (- and !) use a traditional prefixed syntax that does not require parentheses unless the operand is itself a complex expression (e.g. - 10, ! (operand1 or operand2)).

Finally, special constructor operators ({...} for constructing points, [...] for constructing lists and maps) will require their operands to be placed between their two symbols (e.g. {1,2,3}, [operand1, operand2, ..., operandn] or [key1::value1, key2::value2... keyn::valuen]).

With the exception of these special cases above, the following rules apply to the syntax of operators:

if they only have one operand, the functional prefixed syntax is mandatory (e.g. operator_name(operand1))
if they have two arguments, either the functional prefixed syntax (e.g. operator_name(operand1, operand2)) or the infixed syntax (e.g. operand1 operator_name operand2) can be used.
if they have more than two arguments, either the functional prefixed syntax (e.g. operator_name(operand1, operand2, ..., operand)) or a special infixed syntax with the first operand on the left-hand side of the operator name (e.g. operand1 operator_name(operand2, ..., operand)) can be used.

All of these alternative syntaxes are completely equivalent.

Operators in GAML are purely functional, i.e. they are guaranteed to not have any side effects on their operands. For instance, the shuffle operator, which randomizes the positions of elements in a list, does not modify its list operand but returns a new shuffled list.

Priority between operators

The priority of operators determines, in the case of complex expressions composed of several operators, which one(s) will be evaluated first.

GAML follows in general the traditional priorities attributed to arithmetic, boolean, comparison operators, with some twists. Namely:

the constructor operators, like ::, used to compose pairs of operands, have the lowest priority of all operators (e.g. a > b :: b > c will return a pair of boolean values, which means that the two comparisons are evaluated before the operator applies. Similarly, [a > 10, b > 5] will return a list of boolean values.
it is followed by the ?: operator, the functional if-else (e.g. a > b ? a + 10 : a - 10 will return the result of the if-else).
next are the logical operators, and and or (e.g. a > b or b > c will return the value of the test)
next are the comparison operators (i.e. >, <, <=, >=, =, !=)
next the arithmetic operators in their logical order (multiplicative operators have a higher priority than additive operators)
next the unary operators - and !
next the access operators . and [] (e.g. {1,2,3}.x > 20 + {4,5,6}.y will return the result of the comparison between the x and y ordinates of the two points)
and finally the functional operators, which have the highest priority of all.

Using actions as operators

Actions defined in species can be used as operators, provided they are called on the correct agent. The syntax is that of normal functional operators, but the agent that will perform the action must be added as the first operand.

For instance, if the following species is defined:

species spec1 {
        int min(int x, int y) {
                return x > y ? x : y;
        }
}

Any agent instance of spec1 can use min as an operator (if the action conflicts with an existing operator, a warning will be emitted). For instance, in the same model, the following line is perfectly acceptable:

global {
        init {
                create spec1;
                spec1 my_agent <- spec1[0];
                int the_min <- my_agent min(10,20); // or min(my_agent, 10, 20);
        }
}

If the action doesn't have any operands, the syntax to use is my_agent the_action(). Finally, if it does not return a value, it might still be used but is considering as returning a value of type unknown (e.g. unknown result <- my_agent the_action(op1, op2);).

Note that due to the fact that actions are written by modelers, the general functional contract is not respected in that case: actions might perfectly have side effects on their operands (including the agent).

Operators by categories

Dates

Displays

horizontal, stack, vertical,

edge

edge_between, strahler,

diff, diff2,

agent_file, copy_file, crs, csv_file, delete_file, dxf_file, evaluate_sub_model, file_exists, folder, folder_exists, gaml_file, geojson_file, get, gif_file, gml_file, graph6_file, graphdimacs_file, graphdot_file, graphgexf_file, graphgml_file, graphml_file, graphtsplib_file, grid_file, image_file, is_agent, is_csv, is_dxf, is_gaml, is_geojson, is_gif, is_gml, is_graph6, is_graphdimacs, is_graphdot, is_graphgexf, is_graphgml, is_graphml, is_graphtsplib, is_grid, is_image, is_json, is_obj, is_osm, is_pgm, is_property, is_shape, is_simulation, is_svg, is_text, is_threeds, is_xml, json_file, new_folder, obj_file, osm_file, pgm_file, property_file, read, rename_file, shape_file, simulation_file, step_sub_model, svg_file, text_file, threeds_file, unzip, writable, xml_file, zip,

GamaMetaType

type_of,

GamaSVGFile

image,

add_edge, add_node, adjacency, agent_from_geometry, all_pairs_shortest_path, alpha_index, as_distance_graph, as_edge_graph, as_intersection_graph, as_path, as_spatial_graph, beta_index, betweenness_centrality, biggest_cliques_of, connected_components_of, connectivity_index, contains_edge, contains_vertex, degree_of, directed, edge, edge_between, edge_betweenness, edges, gamma_index, generate_barabasi_albert, generate_complete_graph, generate_random_graph, generate_watts_strogatz, girvan_newman_clustering, grid_cells_to_graph, in_degree_of, in_edges_of, k_spanning_tree_clustering, label_propagation_clustering, layout_circle, layout_force, layout_force_FR, layout_force_FR_indexed, layout_grid, load_shortest_paths, main_connected_component, max_flow_between, maximal_cliques_of, nb_cycles, neighbors_of, node, nodes, out_degree_of, out_edges_of, path_between, paths_between, predecessors_of, remove_node_from, rewire_n, source_of, spatial_graph, strahler, successors_of, sum, target_of, undirected, use_cache, weight_of, with_k_shortest_path_algorithm, with_shortest_path_algorithm, with_weights,

as_4_grid, as_grid, as_hexagonal_grid, cell_at, cells_in, cells_overlapping, field, grid_at, neighbors_of, path_between, points_in, values_in,

ImageOperators

*, antialiased, blend, blurred, brighter, clipped_with, darker, grayscale, horizontal_flip, image, matrix, rotated_by, sharpened, snapshot, tinted_with, vertical_flip, with_height, with_size, with_width,

Iterator operators

accumulate, all_match, as_map, collect, count, create_map, first_with, frequency_of, group_by, index_by, last_with, max_of, mean_of, min_of, none_matches, one_matches, product_of, sort_by, sum_of, variance_of, where, where, where, with_max_of, with_min_of,

all_indexes_of, copy_between, index_of, last_index_of,

Logical operators

:, !, ?, add_3Dmodel, add_geometry, add_icon, and, or, xor,

Map comparaison operators

fuzzy_kappa, fuzzy_kappa_sim, kappa, kappa_sim, percent_absolute_deviation,

as_map, create_map, index_of, last_index_of,

-, /, ., *, +, append_horizontally, append_vertically, column_at, columns_list, determinant, eigenvalues, flatten, index_of, inverse, last_index_of, row_at, rows_list, shuffle, trace, transpose,

multicriteria operators

electre_DM, evidence_theory_DM, fuzzy_choquet_DM, promethee_DM, weighted_means_DM,

agent_from_geometry, all_pairs_shortest_path, as_path, load_shortest_paths, max_flow_between, path_between, path_to, paths_between, use_cache,

Pedestrian

generate_pedestrian_network,

-, /, *, +, <, <=, >, >=, add_point, angle_between, any_location_in, centroid, closest_points_with, farthest_point_to, grid_at, norm, points_along, points_at, points_on,

Random operators

binomial, exp_density, exp_rnd, flip, gamma_density, gamma_rnd, gamma_trunc_rnd, gauss, generate_terrain, lognormal_density, lognormal_rnd, lognormal_trunc_rnd, poisson, rnd, rnd_choice, sample, shuffle, skew_gauss, truncated_gauss, weibull_density, weibull_rnd, weibull_trunc_rnd,

ReverseOperators

serialize,

Shape

arc, box, circle, cone, cone3D, cross, cube, curve, cylinder, ellipse, elliptical_arc, envelope, geometry_collection, hexagon, line, link, plan, polygon, polyhedron, pyramid, rectangle, sphere, square, squircle, teapot, triangle,

Spatial operators

-, *, +, add_point, agent_closest_to, agent_farthest_to, agents_at_distance, agents_covering, agents_crossing, agents_inside, agents_overlapping, agents_partially_overlapping, agents_touching, angle_between, any_location_in, arc, around, as_4_grid, as_driving_graph, as_grid, as_hexagonal_grid, at_distance, at_location, box, centroid, circle, clean, clean_network, closest_points_with, closest_to, cone, cone3D, convex_hull, covering, covers, cross, crosses, crossing, crs, CRS_transform, cube, curve, cylinder, direction_between, disjoint_from, distance_between, distance_to, ellipse, elliptical_arc, envelope, farthest_point_to, farthest_to, geometry_collection, gini, hexagon, hierarchical_clustering, IDW, inside, inter, intersects, inverse_rotation, k_nearest_neighbors, line, link, masked_by, moran, neighbors_at, neighbors_of, normalized_rotation, overlapping, overlaps, partially_overlapping, partially_overlaps, path_between, path_to, plan, points_along, points_at, points_on, polygon, polyhedron, pyramid, rectangle, rotated_by, rotation_composition, round, scaled_to, set_z, simple_clustering_by_distance, simplification, skeletonize, smooth, sphere, split_at, split_geometry, split_lines, square, squircle, teapot, to_GAMA_CRS, to_rectangles, to_segments, to_squares, to_sub_geometries, touches, touching, towards, transformed_by, translated_by, triangle, triangulate, union, using, voronoi, with_precision, without_holes,

Spatial properties operators

covers, crosses, intersects, partially_overlaps, touches,

Spatial queries operators

agent_closest_to, agent_farthest_to, agents_at_distance, agents_covering, agents_crossing, agents_inside, agents_overlapping, agents_partially_overlapping, agents_touching, at_distance, closest_to, covering, crossing, farthest_to, inside, neighbors_at, neighbors_of, overlapping, partially_overlapping, touching,

Spatial relations operators

direction_between, distance_between, distance_to, path_between, path_to, towards,

Spatial statistical operators

hierarchical_clustering, k_nearest_neighbors, simple_clustering_by_distance,

Spatial transformations operators

-, *, +, as_4_grid, as_grid, as_hexagonal_grid, at_location, clean, clean_network, convex_hull, CRS_transform, inverse_rotation, normalized_rotation, rotated_by, rotation_composition, scaled_to, simplification, skeletonize, smooth, split_geometry, split_lines, to_GAMA_CRS, to_rectangles, to_segments, to_squares, to_sub_geometries, transformed_by, translated_by, triangulate, voronoi, with_precision, without_holes,

index_of, last_index_of, of_generic_species, of_species,

Statistical operators

auto_correlation, beta, binomial_coeff, binomial_complemented, binomial_sum, build, chi_square, chi_square_complemented, correlation, covariance, dbscan, distribution_of, distribution2d_of, dtw, durbin_watson, frequency_of, gamma, gamma_distribution, gamma_distribution_complemented, geometric_mean, gini, harmonic_mean, hierarchical_clustering, incomplete_beta, incomplete_gamma, incomplete_gamma_complement, k_nearest_neighbors, kmeans, kurtosis, log_gamma, max, mean, mean_deviation, median, min, moment, moran, morrisAnalysis, mul, normal_area, normal_density, normal_inverse, predict, pValue_for_fStat, pValue_for_tStat, quantile, quantile_inverse, rank_interpolated, residuals, rms, rSquare, simple_clustering_by_distance, skewness, sobolAnalysis, split, split_in, split_using, standard_deviation, student_area, student_t_inverse, sum, t_test, variance,

+, <, <=, >, >=, at, capitalize, char, contains, contains_all, contains_any, copy_between, date, empty, first, in, indented_by, index_of, is_number, last, last_index_of, length, lower_case, regex_matches, replace, replace_regex, reverse, sample, shuffle, split_with, string, upper_case,

SubModel

load_sub_model,

System

., choose, command, copy, copy_from_clipboard, copy_to_clipboard, copy_to_clipboard, dead, enter, eval_gaml, every, is_error, is_reachable, is_warning, play_sound, user_confirm, user_input_dialog, wizard, wizard_page,

date, string,

action, agent, attributes, BDIPlan, bool, container, conversation, directory, emotion, file, float, gaml_type, geometry, graph, int, kml, list, map, matrix, mental_state, message, Norm, pair, path, point, predicate, regression, rgb, Sanction, skill, social_link, species, topology, unknown,

User control operators

choose, enter, user_confirm, user_input_dialog, wizard, wizard_page,

Operators

`IDW`

Possible uses:

IDW (container<unknown,geometry>, map, int) ---> map<geometry,float>

Result:

Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) is a type of deterministic method for multivariate interpolation with a known scattered set of points. The assigned values to each geometry are calculated with a weighted average of the values available at the known points. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_distance_weighting Usage: IDW (list of geometries, map of points (key: point, value: value), power parameter)

Examples:

map<geometry,float> var0 <- IDW([ag1, ag2, ag3, ag4, ag5],[{10,10}::25.0, {10,80}::10.0, {100,10}::15.0], 2); // var0 equals for example, can return [ag1::12.0, ag2::23.0,ag3::12.0,ag4::14.0,ag5::17.0]

`image`

Possible uses:

int image int ---> image
image (int , int) ---> image
image (file, int, int) ---> image
image (int, int, bool) ---> image
image (int, int, rgb) ---> image

Result:

Builds a new image from the specified file, p assing the width and height in parameter Builds a new blank image with the specified dimensions and indicates if it will support transparency or not Builds a new blank image of the specified dimensions, which does not accept transparency Builds a new image with the specified dimensions and already filled with the given rgb color

`image_file`

Possible uses:

image_file (string) ---> file
string image_file string ---> file
image_file (string , string) ---> file
string image_file matrix<int> ---> file
image_file (string , matrix<int>) ---> file
string image_file java.awt.image.BufferedImage ---> file
image_file (string , java.awt.image.BufferedImage) ---> file

Result:

Constructs a file of type image. Allowed extensions are limited to tiff, jpg, jpeg, png, pict, bmp

Special cases:

image_file(string,java.awt.image.BufferedImage):
image_file(string): This file constructor allows to read an image file (tiff, jpg, jpeg, png, pict, bmp)

file f <-image_file("file.png");

image_file(string,string): This file constructor allows to read an image file (tiff, jpg, jpeg, png, pict, bmp) and to force the extension of the file (can be useful for images coming from URL)

file f <-image_file("http://my_url", "png");

image_file(string,matrix<int>): This file constructor allows to store a matrix in a image file (it does not save it - just store it in memory)

file f <-image_file("file.png");

See also: is_image,

`in`

Possible uses:

unknown in container ---> bool
in (unknown , container) ---> bool
string in string ---> bool
in (string , string) ---> bool

Result:

true if the right operand contains the left operand, false otherwise

Comment:

the definition of in depends on the container

Special cases:

if the right operand is nil or empty, in returns false
if both operands are strings, returns true if the left-hand operand patterns is included in to the right-hand string;

Examples:

bool var0 <- 2 in [1,2,3,4,5,6]; // var0 equals true 
bool var1 <- 7 in [1,2,3,4,5,6]; // var1 equals false 
bool var2 <- 3 in [1::2, 3::4, 5::6]; // var2 equals false 
bool var3 <- 6 in [1::2, 3::4, 5::6]; // var3 equals true 
bool var4 <-  'bc' in 'abcded'; // var4 equals true

See also: contains,

`in_degree_of`

Possible uses:

graph in_degree_of unknown ---> int
in_degree_of (graph , unknown) ---> int

Result:

returns the in degree of a vertex (right-hand operand) in the graph given as left-hand operand.

Examples:

int var1 <- graphFromMap in_degree_of (node(3)); // var1 equals 2

See also: out_degree_of, degree_of,

`in_edges_of`

Possible uses:

graph in_edges_of unknown ---> list
in_edges_of (graph , unknown) ---> list

Result:

returns the list of the in-edges of a vertex (right-hand operand) in the graph given as left-hand operand.

Examples:

list var1 <- graphFromMap in_edges_of node({12,45}); // var1 equals [LineString]

See also: out_edges_of,

`incomplete_beta`

Possible uses:

incomplete_beta (float, float, float) ---> float

Result:

Returns the regularized integral of the beta function with arguments a and b, from zero to x.

Examples:

float var0 <- incomplete_beta(2,3,0.9) with_precision(3); // var0 equals 0.996

`incomplete_gamma`

Possible uses:

float incomplete_gamma float ---> float
incomplete_gamma (float , float) ---> float

Result:

Returns the regularized integral of the Gamma function with argument a to the integration end point x.

Examples:

float var0 <- incomplete_gamma(1,5.3) with_precision(3); // var0 equals 0.995

`incomplete_gamma_complement`

Possible uses:

float incomplete_gamma_complement float ---> float
incomplete_gamma_complement (float , float) ---> float

Result:

Returns the complemented regularized incomplete Gamma function of the argument a and integration start point x.

Comment:

Is the complement to 1 of incomplete_gamma.

Examples:

float var0 <- incomplete_gamma_complement(1,5.3) with_precision(3); // var0 equals 0.005

`indented_by`

Possible uses:

string indented_by int ---> string
indented_by (string , int) ---> string

Result:

Converts a (possibly multiline) string by indenting it by a number -- specified by the second operand -- of tabulations to the right

Examples:

string var0 <- "my" + indented_by("text", 1); // var0 equals "my	text"

`index_by`

Possible uses:

container index_by any expression ---> map
index_by (container , any expression) ---> map

Result:

produces a new map from the evaluation of the right-hand operand for each element of the left-hand operand

Special cases:

if the left-hand operand is nil, index_by throws an error. If the operation results in duplicate keys, only the first value corresponding to the key is kept

Examples:

map var0 <- [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] index_by (each - 1); // var0 equals [0::1, 1::2, 2::3, 3::4, 4::5, 5::6, 6::7, 7::8]

`index_of`

Possible uses:

string index_of string ---> int
index_of (string , string) ---> int
species index_of unknown ---> int
index_of (species , unknown) ---> int
matrix index_of unknown ---> point
index_of (matrix , unknown) ---> point
map<unknown,unknown> index_of unknown ---> unknown
index_of (map<unknown,unknown> , unknown) ---> unknown
list index_of unknown ---> int
index_of (list , unknown) ---> int

Result:

the index of the first occurence of the right operand in the left operand container

Comment:

The definition of index_of and the type of the index depend on the container

Special cases:

if the left operator is a species, returns the index of an agent in a species. If the argument is not an agent of this species, returns -1. Use int(agent) instead
if the left operand is a map, index_of returns the index of a value or nil if the value is not mapped
if both operands are strings, returns the index within the left-hand string of the first occurrence of the given right-hand string

int var1 <- "abcabcabc" index_of "ca"; // var1 equals 2

if the left operand is a matrix, index_of returns the index as a point

point var2 <- matrix([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]) index_of 4; // var2 equals {1.0,0.0}

if the left operand is a list, index_of returns the index as an integer

int var3 <- [1,2,3,4,5,6] index_of 4; // var3 equals 3 
int var4 <- [4,2,3,4,5,4] index_of 4; // var4 equals 0

Examples:

unknown var0 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6] index_of 4; // var0 equals 3

See also: at, last_index_of,

`inside`

Possible uses:

container<unknown,geometry> inside geometry ---> list<geometry>
inside (container<unknown,geometry> , geometry) ---> list<geometry>

Result:

A list of agents or geometries among the left-operand list, species or meta-population (addition of species), covered by the operand (casted as a geometry).

Examples:

list<geometry> var0 <- [ag1, ag2, ag3] inside(self); // var0 equals the agents among ag1, ag2 and ag3 that are covered by the shape of the right-hand argument. 
list<geometry> var1 <- (species1 + species2) inside (self); // var1 equals the agents among species species1 and species2 that are covered by the shape of the right-hand argument.

`int`

Possible uses:

int (any) ---> int

Result:

casts the operand in a int object.

`inter`

Possible uses:

geometry inter geometry ---> geometry
inter (geometry , geometry) ---> geometry
container inter container ---> list
inter (container , container) ---> list

Result:

A geometry resulting from the intersection between the two geometries the intersection of the two operands

Comment:

both containers are transformed into sets (so without duplicated element, cf. remove_deplicates operator) before the set intersection is computed.

Special cases:

returns nil if one of the operands is nil
if an operand is a graph, it will be transformed into the set of its nodes
if an operand is a map, it will be transformed into the set of its values

list var3 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6] inter [2,4]; // var3 equals [2,4] 
list var4 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6] inter [1,3]; // var4 equals []

if an operand is a matrix, it will be transformed into the set of the lines

list var5 <- matrix([[3,2,1],[4,5,4]]) inter [3,4]; // var5 equals [3,4]

Examples:

geometry var0 <- square(10) inter circle(5); // var0 equals circle(5) 
list var1 <- [1,2,3,4,5,6] inter [2,4]; // var1 equals [2,4] 
list var2 <- [1,2,3,4,5,6] inter [0,8]; // var2 equals []

See also: union, +, -, remove_duplicates,

`interleave`

Possible uses:

interleave (container) ---> list

Result:

Returns a new list containing the interleaved elements of the containers contained in the operand

Comment:

the operand should be a list of lists of elements. The result is a list of elements.

Examples:

list var0 <- interleave([1,2,4,3,5,7,6,8]); // var0 equals [1,2,4,3,5,7,6,8] 
list var1 <- interleave([['e11','e12','e13'],['e21','e22','e23'],['e31','e32','e33']]); // var1 equals ['e11','e21','e31','e12','e22','e32','e13','e23','e33']

`internal_integrated_value`

Possible uses:

any expression internal_integrated_value any expression ---> list
internal_integrated_value (any expression , any expression) ---> list

Result:

For internal use only. Corresponds to the implementation, for agents, of the access to containers with [index]

`intersecting`

Same signification as overlapping

`intersection`

Same signification as inter

`intersects`

Possible uses:

geometry intersects geometry ---> bool
intersects (geometry , geometry) ---> bool

Result:

A boolean, equal to true if the left-geometry (or agent/point) intersects the right-geometry (or agent/point).

Special cases:

if one of the operand is null, returns false.

Examples:

bool var0 <- square(5) intersects {10,10}; // var0 equals false

See also: disjoint_from, crosses, overlaps, partially_overlaps, touches,

`inverse`

Possible uses:

inverse (matrix) ---> matrix<float>

Result:

The inverse matrix of the given matrix. If no inverse exists, returns a matrix that has properties that resemble that of an inverse.

Examples:

matrix<float> var0 <- inverse(matrix([[4,3],[3,2]])); // var0 equals matrix([[-2.0,3.0],[3.0,-4.0]])

`inverse_distance_weighting`

Same signification as IDW

`inverse_rotation`

Possible uses:

inverse_rotation (pair<float,point>) ---> pair<float,point>

Result:

The inverse rotation. It is a rotation around the same axis with the opposite angle.

Examples:

pair<float,point> var0 <- inverse_rotation(38.0::{1,1,1}); // var0 equals -38.0::{1,1,1}

See also: [rotation_composition, normalized_rotation](OperatorsSZ#rotation_composition, normalized_rotation),

`is`

Possible uses:

unknown is any expression ---> bool
is (unknown , any expression) ---> bool

Result:

returns true if the left operand is of the right operand type, false otherwise

Examples:

bool var0 <- 0 is int; // var0 equals true 
bool var1 <- an_agent is node; // var1 equals true 
bool var2 <- 1 is float; // var2 equals false

`is_agent`

Possible uses:

is_agent (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a agent file.

See also: agent_file,

`is_csv`

Possible uses:

is_csv (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a csv file.

See also: csv_file,

`is_dxf`

Possible uses:

is_dxf (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a dxf file.

See also: dxf_file,

`is_error`

Possible uses:

is_error (any expression) ---> bool

Result:

Returns whether or not the argument raises an error when evaluated

`is_finite`

Possible uses:

is_finite (float) ---> bool

Result:

Returns whether the argument is a finite number or not

Examples:

bool var0 <- is_finite(4.66); // var0 equals true 
bool var1 <- is_finite(#infinity); // var1 equals false

`is_gaml`

Possible uses:

is_gaml (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a gaml file.

See also: gaml_file,

`is_geojson`

Possible uses:

is_geojson (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a geojson file.

See also: geojson_file,

`is_gif`

Possible uses:

is_gif (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a gif file.

See also: gif_file,

`is_gml`

Possible uses:

is_gml (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a gml file.

See also: gml_file,

`is_graph6`

Possible uses:

is_graph6 (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a graph6 file.

See also: graph6_file,

`is_graphdimacs`

Possible uses:

is_graphdimacs (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a graphdimacs file.

See also: graphdimacs_file,

`is_graphdot`

Possible uses:

is_graphdot (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a graphdot file.

See also: graphdot_file,

`is_graphgexf`

Possible uses:

is_graphgexf (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a graphgexf file.

See also: graphgexf_file,

`is_graphgml`

Possible uses:

is_graphgml (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a graphgml file.

See also: graphgml_file,

`is_graphml`

Possible uses:

is_graphml (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a graphml file.

See also: graphml_file,

`is_graphtsplib`

Possible uses:

is_graphtsplib (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a graphtsplib file.

See also: graphtsplib_file,

`is_grid`

Possible uses:

is_grid (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a grid file.

See also: grid_file,

`is_image`

Possible uses:

is_image (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a image file.

See also: image_file,

`is_json`

Possible uses:

is_json (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a json file.

See also: json_file,

`is_number`

Possible uses:

is_number (string) ---> bool
is_number (float) ---> bool

Result:

tests whether the operand represents a numerical value Returns whether the argument is a real number or not

Comment:

Note that the symbol . should be used for a float value (a string with , will not be considered as a numeric value). Symbols e and E are also accepted. A hexadecimal value should begin with #.

Examples:

bool var0 <- is_number("test"); // var0 equals false 
bool var1 <- is_number("123.56"); // var1 equals true 
bool var2 <- is_number("-1.2e5"); // var2 equals true 
bool var3 <- is_number("1,2"); // var3 equals false 
bool var4 <- is_number("#12FA"); // var4 equals true 
bool var5 <- is_number(4.66); // var5 equals true 
bool var6 <- is_number(#infinity); // var6 equals true 
bool var7 <- is_number(#nan); // var7 equals false

`is_obj`

Possible uses:

is_obj (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a obj file.

See also: obj_file,

`is_osm`

Possible uses:

is_osm (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a osm file.

See also: osm_file,

`is_pgm`

Possible uses:

is_pgm (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a pgm file.

See also: pgm_file,

`is_property`

Possible uses:

is_property (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a property file.

See also: property_file,

`is_reachable`

Possible uses:

string is_reachable int ---> bool
is_reachable (string , int) ---> bool
is_reachable (string, int, int) ---> bool

Result:

Returns whether or not the given web address is reachable or not before a time_out time in milliseconds Returns whether or not the given web address is reachable or not before a time_out time in milliseconds

Examples:

write sample(is_reachable("www.google.com", 200)); 
write sample(is_reachable("www.google.com", 200));

`is_shape`

Possible uses:

is_shape (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a shape file.

See also: shape_file,

`is_simulation`

Possible uses:

is_simulation (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a simulation file.

See also: simulation_file,

`is_skill`

Possible uses:

unknown is_skill string ---> bool
is_skill (unknown , string) ---> bool

Result:

returns true if the left operand is an agent whose species implements the right-hand skill name

Examples:

bool var0 <- agentA is_skill 'moving'; // var0 equals true

`is_svg`

Possible uses:

is_svg (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a svg file.

See also: svg_file,

`is_text`

Possible uses:

is_text (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a text file.

See also: text_file,

`is_threeds`

Possible uses:

is_threeds (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a threeds file.

See also: threeds_file,

`is_warning`

Possible uses:

is_warning (any expression) ---> bool

Result:

Returns whether or not the argument raises a warning when evaluated

`is_xml`

Possible uses:

is_xml (any) ---> bool

Result:

Tests whether the operand is a xml file.

See also: xml_file,

`json_file`

Possible uses:

json_file (string) ---> file
string json_file map<string,unknown> ---> file
json_file (string , map<string,unknown>) ---> file

Result:

Constructs a file of type json. Allowed extensions are limited to json

Special cases:

json_file(string): This file constructor allows to read a json file

file f <-json_file("file.json");

json_file(string,map<string,unknown>): This constructor allows to store a map in a json file (it does not save it). The file can then be saved later using the save statement

file f <-json_file("file.json", map(["var1"::1.0, "var2"::3.0]));

See also: is_json,

`k_nearest_neighbors`

Possible uses:

k_nearest_neighbors (agent, map<agent,unknown>, int) ---> unknown

Result:

This operator allows user to find the attribute of an agent basing on its k-nearest agents

Comment:

In order to use this operator, users have to create a map which map the agents with one of their attributes (for example color or size,..). In the example below, 'map' is the map that I mention above, 'k' is the number of the nearest agents that we areconsidering

Examples:

unknown var0 <- self k_nearest_neighbors (map,k); // var0 equals this will return the attribute which has highest frequency in the k-nearest neighbors of our agent 

`k_spanning_tree_clustering`

Possible uses:

graph k_spanning_tree_clustering int ---> list
k_spanning_tree_clustering (graph , int) ---> list

Result:

The algorithm finds a minimum spanning tree T using Prim's algorithm, then executes Kruskal's algorithm only on the edges of T until k trees are formed. The resulting trees are the final clusters.It returns a list of list of vertices and takes as operand the graph and the number of clusters

`kappa`

Possible uses:

kappa (list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>) ---> float
kappa (list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>) ---> float

Result:

kappa indicator for 2 map comparisons: kappa(list_vals1,list_vals2,categories). Reference: Cohen, J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1960, 20. kappa indicator for 2 map comparisons: kappa(list_vals1,list_vals2,categories, weights). Reference: Cohen, J. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1960, 20.

Examples:

kappa([cat1,cat1,cat2,cat3,cat2],[cat2,cat1,cat2,cat1,cat2],[cat1,cat2,cat3]) 
float var1 <- kappa([1,3,5,1,5],[1,1,1,1,5],[1,3,5]); // var1 equals 0.3333333333333334 
float var2 <- kappa([1,1,1,1,5],[1,1,1,1,5],[1,3,5]); // var2 equals 1.0 
float var3 <- kappa(["cat1","cat3","cat2","cat1","cat3"],["cat1","cat3","cat2","cat3","cat1"],["cat1","cat2","cat3"], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 1.0, 5.0]); // var3 equals 0.29411764705882354

`kappa_sim`

Possible uses:

kappa_sim (list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>) ---> float
kappa_sim (list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>, list<unknown>) ---> float

Result:

kappa simulation indicator for 2 map comparisons: kappa(list_valsInits,list_valsObs,list_valsSim, categories). Reference: van Vliet, J., Bregt, A.K. & Hagen-Zanker, A. (2011). Revisiting Kappa to account for change in the accuracy assessment of land-use change models, Ecological Modelling 222(8).

Special cases:

kappa_sim can be used with an additional weights operand

float var1 <- kappa_sim(["cat1","cat1","cat2","cat2","cat2"],["cat1","cat3","cat2","cat1","cat3"],["cat1","cat3","cat2","cat3","cat1"],["cat1","cat2","cat3"], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 1.0, 5.0]); // var1 equals 0.2702702702702703

Examples:

float var0 <- kappa_sim(["cat1","cat1","cat2","cat2","cat2"],["cat1","cat3","cat2","cat1","cat3"],["cat1","cat3","cat2","cat3","cat1"],["cat1","cat2","cat3"]); // var0 equals 0.3333333333333335

`kmeans`

Possible uses:

list kmeans int ---> list<list>
kmeans (list , int) ---> list<list>
kmeans (list, int, int) ---> list<list>

Result:

returns the list of clusters (list of instance indices) computed with the kmeans++ algorithm from the first operand data according to the number of clusters to split the data into (k) and the maximum number of iterations to run the algorithm.(If negative, no maximum will be used) (maxIt). Usage: kmeans(data,k,maxit)

Special cases:

The maximum number of (third operand) can be omitted.

list<list> var1 <- kmeans ([[2,4,5], [3,8,2], [1,1,3], [4,3,4]],2); // var1 equals [[0,2,3],[1]]

Examples:

list<list> var0 <- kmeans ([[2,4,5], [3,8,2], [1,1,3], [4,3,4]],2,10); // var0 equals [[0,2,3],[1]]

`kml`

Possible uses:

kml (any) ---> kml

Result:

casts the operand in a kml object.

`kurtosis`

Possible uses:

kurtosis (list) ---> float
float kurtosis float ---> float
kurtosis (float , float) ---> float

Result:

Returns the kurtosis from a moment and a standard deviation Returns the kurtosis (aka excess) of a list of values (kurtosis = { [n(n+1) / (n -1)(n - 2)(n-3)] sum[(x_i - mean)^4] / std^4 } - [3(n-1)^2 / (n-2)(n-3)])

Special cases:

if the length of the list is lower than 3, returns NaN

Examples:

float var0 <- kurtosis(3,12) with_precision(4); // var0 equals -2.9999 
float var1 <- kurtosis ([1,2,3,4,5]); // var1 equals -1.200000000000002 
float var2 <- kurtosis([13,2,1,4,1,2]) with_precision(4); // var2 equals 4.8083

`label_propagation_clustering`

Possible uses:

graph label_propagation_clustering int ---> list
label_propagation_clustering (graph , int) ---> list

Result:

The algorithm is a near linear time algorithm capable of discovering communities in large graphs. It is described in detail in the following: Raghavan, U. N., Albert, R., and Kumara, S. (2007). Near linear time algorithm to detect

community structures in large-scale networks. Physical review E, 76(3), 036106.It returns a list of list of vertices and takes as operand the graph and maximal number of iteration

`last`

Possible uses:

last (container<KeyType,ValueType>) ---> ValueType
last (string) ---> string
int last container ---> list
last (int , container) ---> list

Result:

the last element of the operand

Comment:

the last operator behavior depends on the nature of the operand

Special cases:

if it is a map, last returns the value of the last pair (in insertion order)
if it is a file, last returns the last element of the content of the file (that is also a container)
if it is a population, last returns the last agent of the population
if it is a graph, last returns a list containing the last edge created
if it is a matrix, last returns the element at {length-1,length-1} in the matrix
for a matrix of int or float, it will return 0 if the matrix is empty
for a matrix of object or geometry, it will return nil if the matrix is empty
if it is a list, last returns the last element of the list, or nil if the list is empty

int var0 <- last ([1, 2, 3]); // var0 equals 3

if it is a string, last returns a string composed of its last character, or an empty string if the operand is empty

string var1 <- last ('abce'); // var1 equals 'e'

See also: first,

`last_index_of`

Possible uses:

list last_index_of unknown ---> int
last_index_of (list , unknown) ---> int
string last_index_of string ---> int
last_index_of (string , string) ---> int
matrix last_index_of unknown ---> point
last_index_of (matrix , unknown) ---> point
map<unknown,unknown> last_index_of unknown ---> unknown
last_index_of (map<unknown,unknown> , unknown) ---> unknown
species last_index_of unknown ---> int
last_index_of (species , unknown) ---> int

Result:

the index of the last occurence of the right operand in the left operand container

Comment:

The definition of last_index_of and the type of the index depend on the container

Special cases:

if the left operand is a species, the last index of an agent is the same as its index
if the left operand is a list, last_index_of returns the index as an integer

int var0 <- [1,2,3,4,5,6] last_index_of 4; // var0 equals 3 
int var1 <- [4,2,3,4,5,4] last_index_of 4; // var1 equals 5

if both operands are strings, returns the index within the left-hand string of the rightmost occurrence of the given right-hand string

int var2 <- "abcabcabc" last_index_of "ca"; // var2 equals 5

if the left operand is a matrix, last_index_of returns the index as a point

point var3 <- matrix([[1,2,3],[4,5,4]]) last_index_of 4; // var3 equals {1.0,2.0}

if the left operand is a map, last_index_of returns the index as an int (the key of the pair)

unknown var4 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::4] last_index_of 4; // var4 equals 5

See also: at, last_index_of, index_of,

`last_of`

Same signification as last

`last_with`

Possible uses:

container last_with any expression ---> unknown
last_with (container , any expression) ---> unknown

Result:

the last element of the left-hand operand that makes the right-hand operand evaluate to true.

Comment:

in the right-hand operand, the keyword each can be used to represent, in turn, each of the right-hand operand elements.

Special cases:

if the left-hand operand is nil, last_with throws an error.
If there is no element that satisfies the condition, it returns nil
if the left-operand is a map, the keyword each will contain each value

unknown var4 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6] last_with (each >= 4); // var4 equals 6 
unknown var5 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6].pairs last_with (each.value >= 4); // var5 equals (5::6)

Examples:

int var0 <- [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] last_with (each > 3); // var0 equals 8 
unknown var2 <- g2 last_with (length(g2 out_edges_of each) = 0 ); // var2 equals a node 
unknown var3 <- (list(node) last_with (round(node(each).location.x) > 32); // var3 equals node3

See also: group_by, first_with, where,

`layout_circle`

Possible uses:

layout_circle (graph, geometry, bool) ---> graph

Result:

layouts a Gama graph on a circle with equidistance between nodes. For now there is no optimization on node ordering.

Special cases:

Usage: layoutCircle(graph, bound, shuffle) => graph : the graph to layout, bound : the geometry to display the graph within, shuffle : if true shuffle the nodes, then render same ordering

Examples:

layout_circle(graph, world.shape, false);

`layout_force`

Possible uses:

layout_force (graph, geometry, float, float, int) ---> graph
layout_force (graph, geometry, float, float, int, float) ---> graph

Result:

layouts a GAMA graph using Force model (in a given spatial bound and given coeff_force, cooling_rate, max_iteration, and equilibirum criterion parameters).

Special cases:

usage: layoutForce(graph, bounds, coeff_force, cooling_rate, max_iteration, equilibirum criterion). graph is the graph to which applied the layout; bounds is the shape (geometry) in which the graph should be located; coeff_force is the coefficien use to compute the force, typical value is 0.4; cooling rate is the decreasing coefficient of the temperature, typical value is 0.01; max_iteration is the maximal number of iterations; equilibirum criterion is the maximaldistance of displacement for a vertice to be considered as in equilibrium
usage: layoutForce(graph, bounds, coeff_force, cooling_rate, max_iteration). graph is the graph to which applied the layout; bounds is the shape (geometry) in which the graph should be located; coeff_force is the coefficient used to compute the force, typical value is 0.4; cooling rate is the decreasing coefficient of the temperature, typical value is 0.01; max_iteration is the maximal number of iterationsdistance of displacement for a vertice to be considered as in equilibrium

`layout_force_FR`

Possible uses:

layout_force_FR (graph, geometry, float, int) ---> graph

Result:

layouts a GAMA graph using Fruchterman and Reingold Force-Directed Placement Algorithm (in a given spatial bound, normalization factor and max_iteration parameters).

Special cases:

usage: layoutForce(graph, bounds, normalization_factor, max_iteration, equilibirum criterion). graph is the graph to which applied the layout; bounds is the shape (geometry) in which the graph should be located; normalization_factor is the normalization factor for the optimal distance, typical value is 1.0; max_iteration is the maximal number of iterations

`layout_force_FR_indexed`

Possible uses:

layout_force_FR_indexed (graph, geometry, float, float, int) ---> graph

Result:

layouts a GAMA graph using Fruchterman and Reingold Force-Directed Placement Algorithm with The Barnes-Hut indexing technique(in a given spatial bound, theta, normalization factor and max_iteration parameters).

Special cases:

usage: layoutForce(graph, bounds, normalization_factor, max_iteration, equilibirum criterion). graph is the graph to which applied the layout; bounds is the shape (geometry) in which the graph should be located; theta value for approximation using the Barnes-Hut technique, typical value is 0.5; normalization_factor is the normalization factor for the optimal distance, typical value is 1.0; max_iteration is the maximal number of iterations

`layout_grid`

Possible uses:

layout_grid (graph, geometry, float) ---> graph

Result:

layouts a Gama graph based on a grid latice. usage: layoutForce(graph, bounds, coeff_nb_cells). graph is the graph to which the layout is applied; bounds is the shape (geometry) in which the graph should be located; coeff_nb_cellsthe coefficient for the number of cells to locate the vertices (nb of places = coeff_nb_cells * nb of vertices).

Examples:

layout_grid(graph, world.shape);

`length`

Possible uses:

length (container<KeyType,ValueType>) ---> int
length (string) ---> int

Result:

the number of elements contained in the operand

Comment:

the length operator behavior depends on the nature of the operand

Special cases:

if it is a population, length returns number of agents of the population
if it is a graph, length returns the number of vertexes or of edges (depending on the way it was created)
if it is a list or a map, length returns the number of elements in the list or map

int var0 <- length([12,13]); // var0 equals 2 
int var1 <- length([]); // var1 equals 0

if it is a matrix, length returns the number of cells

int var2 <- length(matrix([["c11","c12","c13"],["c21","c22","c23"]])); // var2 equals 6

if it is a string, length returns the number of characters

int var3 <- length ("I am an agent"); // var3 equals 13

`lgamma`

Same signification as log_gamma

`line`

Possible uses:

line (container<unknown,geometry>) ---> geometry
container<unknown,geometry> line float ---> geometry
line (container<unknown,geometry> , float) ---> geometry

Result:

A polyline geometry from the given list of points.

Special cases:

if the points list operand is nil, returns the point geometry {0,0}
if the points list operand is composed of a single point, returns a point geometry.
if a radius is added, the given list of points represented as a cylinder of radius r

geometry var3 <- polyline([{0,0}, {0,10}, {10,10}, {10,0}],0.2); // var3 equals a polyline geometry composed of the 4 points.

Examples:

geometry var0 <- polyline([{0,0}, {0,10}, {10,10}]); // var0 equals a polyline geometry composed of the 3 points. 
geometry var1 <- line([{10,10}, {10,0}]); // var1 equals a line from 2 points. 
string var2 <- string(polyline([{0,0}, {0,10}, {10,10}])+line([{10,10}, {10,0}])); // var2 equals "MULTILINESTRING ((0 0, 0 10, 10 10), (10 10, 10 0))"

See also: around, circle, cone, link, norm, point, polygone, rectangle, square, triangle,

`link`

Possible uses:

geometry link geometry ---> geometry
link (geometry , geometry) ---> geometry

Result:

A dynamic line geometry between the location of the two operands

Comment:

The geometry of the link is a line between the locations of the two operands, which is built and maintained dynamically

Special cases:

if one of the operands is nil, link returns a point geometry at the location of the other. If both are null, it returns a point geometry at {0,0}

Examples:

geometry var0 <- link (geom1,geom2); // var0 equals a link geometry between geom1 and geom2.

See also: around, circle, cone, line, norm, point, polygon, polyline, rectangle, square, triangle,

`list`

Possible uses:

list (any) ---> list

Result:

casts the operand in a list object.

`list_with`

Possible uses:

int list_with any expression ---> list
list_with (int , any expression) ---> list

Result:

creates a list with a size provided by the first operand, and filled with the second operand

Comment:

Note that the first operand should be positive, and that the second one is evaluated for each position in the list.

Examples:

list var0 <- list_with(5,2); // var0 equals [2,2,2,2,2]

See also: list,

`ln`

Possible uses:

ln (float) ---> float
ln (int) ---> float

Result:

Returns the natural logarithm (base e) of the operand.

Special cases:

an exception is raised if the operand is less than zero.

Examples:

float var0 <- ln(exp(1)); // var0 equals 1.0 
float var1 <- ln(1); // var1 equals 0.0

See also: exp,

`load_shortest_paths`

Possible uses:

graph load_shortest_paths matrix ---> graph
load_shortest_paths (graph , matrix) ---> graph

Result:

put in the graph cache the computed shortest paths contained in the matrix (rows: source, columns: target)

Examples:

graph var0 <- load_shortest_paths(shortest_paths_matrix); // var0 equals return my_graph with all the shortest paths computed

`load_sub_model`

Possible uses:

string load_sub_model string ---> agent
load_sub_model (string , string) ---> agent

Result:

Load a submodel

Comment:

loaded submodel

`log`

Possible uses:

log (float) ---> float
log (int) ---> float

Result:

Returns the logarithm (base 10) of the operand.

Special cases:

an exception is raised if the operand is equals or less than zero.

Examples:

float var0 <- log(10); // var0 equals 1.0 
float var1 <- log(1); // var1 equals 0.0

See also: ln,

`log_gamma`

Possible uses:

log_gamma (float) ---> float

Result:

Returns the log of the value of the Gamma function at x.

Examples:

float var0 <- log_gamma(0.6) with_precision(4); // var0 equals 0.3982

`lognormal_density`

Possible uses:

lognormal_density (float, float, float) ---> float

Result:

lognormal_density(x,shape,scale) returns the probability density function (PDF) at the specified point x of the logNormal distribution with the given shape and scale.

Examples:

float var0 <- lognormal_density(1,2,3) ; // var0 equals 0.731

`lognormal_rnd`

Possible uses:

float lognormal_rnd float ---> float
lognormal_rnd (float , float) ---> float

Result:

returns a random value from a Log-Normal distribution with specified values of the shape (alpha) and scale (beta) parameters. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution for more details.

Examples:

float var0 <- lognormal_rnd(2,3); // var0 equals 0.731

`lognormal_trunc_rnd`

Possible uses:

lognormal_trunc_rnd (float, float, float, bool) ---> float
lognormal_trunc_rnd (float, float, float, float) ---> float

Result:

returns a random value from a truncated Log-Normal distribution (in a range or given only one boundary) with specified values of the shape (alpha) and scale (beta) parameters. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log-normal_distribution for more details.

Special cases:

when 1 float and a boolean (isMax) operands are specified, the float value represents the single boundary (max if the boolean is true, min otherwise),

lognormal_trunc_rnd(2,3,5,true)

when 2 float operands are specified, they are taken as mininimum and maximum values for the result

lognormal_trunc_rnd(2,3,0,5)

`lower_case`

Possible uses:

lower_case (string) ---> string

Result:

Converts all of the characters in the string operand to lower case

Examples:

string var0 <- lower_case("Abc"); // var0 equals 'abc'

See also: upper_case,

`main_connected_component`

Possible uses:

main_connected_component (graph) ---> graph

Result:

returns the sub-graph corresponding to the main connected components of the graph

Examples:

graph var0 <- main_connected_component(my_graph); // var0 equals the sub-graph corresponding to the main connected components of the graph

See also: connected_components_of,

`map`

Possible uses:

map (any) ---> map

Result:

casts the operand in a map object.

`masked_by`

Possible uses:

geometry masked_by container<unknown,geometry> ---> geometry
masked_by (geometry , container<unknown,geometry>) ---> geometry
masked_by (geometry, container<unknown,geometry>, int) ---> geometry

Examples:

geometry var0 <- perception_geom masked_by obstacle_list; // var0 equals the geometry representing the part of perception_geom visible from the agent position considering the list of obstacles obstacle_list. 
geometry var1 <- perception_geom masked_by obstacle_list; // var1 equals the geometry representing the part of perception_geom visible from the agent position considering the list of obstacles obstacle_list.

`matrix`

Possible uses:

matrix (any) ---> matrix

Result:

casts the operand in a matrix object.

`matrix`

Possible uses:

matrix (image) ---> matrix

Result:

Returns the matrix<int> value of the image passed in parameter, where each pixel is represented by the RGB int value. The dimensions of the matrix are those of the image.

`matrix_with`

Possible uses:

point matrix_with any expression ---> matrix
matrix_with (point , any expression) ---> matrix

Result:

creates a matrix with a size provided by the first operand, and filled with the second operand. The given expression, unless constant, is evaluated for each cell

Comment:

Note that both components of the right operand point should be positive, otherwise an exception is raised.

See also: matrix, as_matrix,

`max`

Possible uses:

max (container) ---> unknown

Result:

the maximum element found in the operand

Comment:

the max operator behavior depends on the nature of the operand

Special cases:

if it is a population of a list of other type: max transforms all elements into integer and returns the maximum of them
if it is a map, max returns the maximum among the list of all elements value
if it is a file, max returns the maximum of the content of the file (that is also a container)
if it is a graph, max returns the maximum of the list of the elements of the graph (that can be the list of edges or vertexes depending on the graph)
if it is a matrix of int, float or object, max returns the maximum of all the numerical elements (thus all elements for integer and float matrices)
if it is a matrix of geometry, max returns the maximum of the list of the geometries
if it is a matrix of another type, max returns the maximum of the elements transformed into float
if it is a list of int of float, max returns the maximum of all the elements

unknown var0 <- max ([100, 23.2, 34.5]); // var0 equals 100.0

if it is a list of points: max returns the maximum of all points as a point (i.e. the point with the greatest coordinate on the x-axis, in case of equality the point with the greatest coordinate on the y-axis is chosen. If all the points are equal, the first one is returned. )

unknown var1 <- max([{1.0,3.0},{3.0,5.0},{9.0,1.0},{7.0,8.0}]); // var1 equals {9.0,1.0}

See also: min,

`max_flow_between`

Possible uses:

max_flow_between (graph, unknown, unknown) ---> map<unknown,float>

Result:

The max flow (map<edge,flow> in a graph between the source and the sink using Edmonds-Karp algorithm

Examples:

max_flow_between(my_graph, vertice1, vertice2)

`max_of`

Possible uses:

container max_of any expression ---> unknown
max_of (container , any expression) ---> unknown

Result:

the maximum value of the right-hand expression evaluated on each of the elements of the left-hand operand

Comment:

in the right-hand operand, the keyword each can be used to represent, in turn, each of the right-hand operand elements.

Special cases:

As of GAMA 1.6, if the left-hand operand is nil or empty, max_of throws an error
if the left-operand is a map, the keyword each will contain each value

unknown var4 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6] max_of (each + 3); // var4 equals 9

Examples:

unknown var0 <- [1,2,4,3,5,7,6,8] max_of (each * 100 ); // var0 equals 800 
graph g2 <- as_edge_graph([{1,5}::{12,45},{12,45}::{34,56}]); 
unknown var2 <- g2.vertices max_of (g2 degree_of( each )); // var2 equals 2 
unknown var3 <- (list(node) max_of (round(node(each).location.x)); // var3 equals 96

See also: min_of,

`maximal_cliques_of`

Possible uses:

maximal_cliques_of (graph) ---> list<list>

Result:

returns the maximal cliques of a graph using the Bron-Kerbosch clique detection algorithm: A clique is maximal if it is impossible to enlarge it by adding another vertex from the graph. Note that a maximal clique is not necessarily the biggest clique in the graph.

Examples:

graph my_graph <- graph([]); 
list<list> var1 <- maximal_cliques_of (my_graph); // var1 equals the list of all the maximal cliques as list

See also: biggest_cliques_of,

`mean`

Possible uses:

mean (container) ---> unknown

Result:

the mean of all the elements of the operand

Comment:

the elements of the operand are summed (see sum for more details about the sum of container elements ) and then the sum value is divided by the number of elements.

Special cases:

if the container contains points, the result will be a point. If the container contains rgb values, the result will be a rgb color

Examples:

unknown var0 <- mean ([4.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.0]); // var0 equals 5.125 

See also: sum,

`mean_deviation`

Possible uses:

mean_deviation (container) ---> float

Result:

the deviation from the mean of all the elements of the operand. See Mean_deviation for more details.

Comment:

The operator casts all the numerical element of the list into float. The elements that are not numerical are discarded.

Examples:

float var0 <- mean_deviation ([4.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.0]); // var0 equals 1.125

See also: mean, standard_deviation,

`mean_of`

Possible uses:

container mean_of any expression ---> unknown
mean_of (container , any expression) ---> unknown

Result:

the mean of the right-hand expression evaluated on each of the elements of the left-hand operand

Comment:

in the right-hand operand, the keyword each can be used to represent, in turn, each of the right-hand operand elements.

Special cases:

if the left-operand is a map, the keyword each will contain each value

unknown var1 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6] mean_of (each); // var1 equals 4

Examples:

unknown var0 <- [1,2] mean_of (each * 10 ); // var0 equals 15

See also: min_of, max_of, sum_of, product_of,

`median`

Possible uses:

median (container) ---> unknown

Result:

the median of all the elements of the operand.

Special cases:

if the container contains points, the result will be a point. If the container contains rgb values, the result will be a rgb color

Examples:

unknown var0 <- median ([4.5, 3.5, 5.5, 3.4, 7.0]); // var0 equals 4.5

See also: mean,

`mental_state`

Possible uses:

mental_state (any) ---> mental_state

Result:

casts the operand in a mental_state object.

`message`

Possible uses:

message (any) ---> message

Result:

casts the operand in a message object.

`milliseconds_between`

Possible uses:

date milliseconds_between date ---> float
milliseconds_between (date , date) ---> float

Result:

Provide the exact number of milliseconds between two dates. This number can be positive or negative (if the second operand is smaller than the first one)

Examples:

float var0 <- milliseconds_between(date('2000-01-01'), date('2000-02-01')); // var0 equals 2.6784E9

`min`

Possible uses:

min (container) ---> unknown

Result:

the minimum element found in the operand.

Comment:

the min operator behavior depends on the nature of the operand

Special cases:

if it is a list of points: min returns the minimum of all points as a point (i.e. the point with the smallest coordinate on the x-axis, in case of equality the point with the smallest coordinate on the y-axis is chosen. If all the points are equal, the first one is returned. )
if it is a population of a list of other types: min transforms all elements into integer and returns the minimum of them
if it is a map, min returns the minimum among the list of all elements value
if it is a file, min returns the minimum of the content of the file (that is also a container)
if it is a graph, min returns the minimum of the list of the elements of the graph (that can be the list of edges or vertexes depending on the graph)
if it is a matrix of int, float or object, min returns the minimum of all the numerical elements (thus all elements for integer and float matrices)
if it is a matrix of geometry, min returns the minimum of the list of the geometries
if it is a matrix of another type, min returns the minimum of the elements transformed into float
if it is a list of int or float: min returns the minimum of all the elements

unknown var0 <- min ([100, 23.2, 34.5]); // var0 equals 23.2

See also: max,

`min_of`

Possible uses:

container min_of any expression ---> unknown
min_of (container , any expression) ---> unknown

Result:

the minimum value of the right-hand expression evaluated on each of the elements of the left-hand operand

Comment:

in the right-hand operand, the keyword each can be used to represent, in turn, each of the right-hand operand elements.

Special cases:

if the left-hand operand is nil or empty, min_of throws an error
if the left-operand is a map, the keyword each will contain each value

unknown var4 <- [1::2, 3::4, 5::6] min_of (each + 3); // var4 equals 5

Examples:

unknown var0 <- [1,2,4,3,5,7,6,8] min_of (each * 100 ); // var0 equals 100 
graph g2 <- as_edge_graph([{1,5}::{12,45},{12,45}::{34,56}]); 
unknown var2 <- g2 min_of (length(g2 out_edges_of each) ); // var2 equals 0 
unknown var3 <- (list(node) min_of (round(node(each).location.x)); // var3 equals 4

See also: max_of,

`minus_days`

Possible uses:

date minus_days int ---> date
minus_days (date , int) ---> date

Result:

Subtract a given number of days from a date

Examples:

date var0 <- date('2000-01-01') minus_days 20; // var0 equals date('1999-12-12')

`minus_hours`

Possible uses:

date minus_hours int ---> date
minus_hours (date , int) ---> date

Result:

Remove a given number of hours from a date

Examples:

// equivalent to date1 - 15 #h 
date var1 <- date('2000-01-01') minus_hours 15 ; // var1 equals date('1999-12-31 09:00:00')

`minus_minutes`

Possible uses:

date minus_minutes int ---> date
minus_minutes (date , int) ---> date

Result:

Subtract a given number of minutes from a date

Examples:

// date('2000-01-01') to date1 - 5#mn 
date var1 <- date('2000-01-01') minus_minutes 5 ; // var1 equals date('1999-12-31 23:55:00')

`minus_months`

Possible uses:

date minus_months int ---> date
minus_months (date , int) ---> date

Result:

Subtract a given number of months from a date

Examples:

date var0 <- date('2000-01-01') minus_months 5; // var0 equals date('1999-08-01')

`minus_ms`

Possible uses:

date minus_ms int ---> date
minus_ms (date , int) ---> date

Result:

Remove a given number of milliseconds from a date

Examples:

// equivalent to date1 - 15 #ms 
date var1 <- date('2000-01-01') minus_ms 1000 ; // var1 equals date('1999-12-31 23:59:59')

`minus_seconds`

Same signification as -

`minus_weeks`

Possible uses:

date minus_weeks int ---> date
minus_weeks (date , int) ---> date

Result:

Subtract a given number of weeks from a date

Examples:

date var0 <- date('2000-01-01') minus_weeks 15; // var0 equals date('1999-09-18')

`minus_years`

Possible uses:

date minus_years int ---> date
minus_years (date , int) ---> date

Result:

Subtract a given number of year from a date

Examples:

date var0 <- date('2000-01-01') minus_years 3; // var0 equals date('1997-01-01')

`mod`

Possible uses:

int mod int ---> int
mod (int , int) ---> int

Result:

Returns the remainder of the integer division of the left-hand operand by the right-hand operand.

Special cases:

if operands are float, they are truncated
if the right-hand operand is equal to zero, raises an exception.

Examples:

int var0 <- 40 mod 3; // var0 equals 1

See also: div,

`moment`

Possible uses:

moment (container, int, float) ---> float

Result:

Returns the moment of k-th order with constant c of a data sequence

Examples:

float var0 <- moment([13,2,1,4,1,2], 2, 1.2) with_precision(4); // var0 equals 24.74

`months_between`

Possible uses:

date months_between date ---> int
months_between (date , date) ---> int

Result:

Provide the exact number of months between two dates. This number can be positive or negative (if the second operand is smaller than the first one)

Examples:

int var0 <- months_between(date('2000-01-01'), date('2000-02-01')); // var0 equals 1

`moran`

Possible uses:

list<float> moran matrix<float> ---> float
moran (list<float> , matrix<float>) ---> float

Special cases:

return the Moran Index of the given list of interest points (list of floats) and the weight matrix (matrix of float)

float var0 <- moran([1.0, 0.5, 2.0], weight_matrix); // var0 equals the Moran index is computed

`morrisAnalysis`

Possible uses:

morrisAnalysis (string, int, int) ---> string

Result:

Return a string containing the Report of the morris analysis for the corresponding CSV file

`mul`

Possible uses:

mul (container) ---> unknown

Result:

the product of all the elements of the operand

Comment:

the mul operator behavior depends on the nature of the operand

Special cases:

if it is a list of points: mul returns the product of all points as a point (each coordinate is the product of the corresponding coordinate of each element)
if it is a list of other types: mul transforms all elements into integer and multiplies them
if it is a map, mul returns the product of the value of all elements
if it is a file, mul returns the product of the content of the file (that is also a container)
if it is a graph, mul returns the product of the list of the elements of the graph (that can be the list of edges or vertexes depending on the graph)
if it is a matrix of int, float or object, mul returns the product of all the numerical elements (thus all elements for integer and float matrices)
if it is a matrix of geometry, mul returns the product of the list of the geometries
if it is a matrix of other types: mul transforms all elements into float and multiplies them
if it is a list of int or float: mul returns the product of all the elements

unknown var0 <- mul ([100, 23.2, 34.5]); // var0 equals 80040.0

See also: sum,

Definition
Priority between operators
Using actions as operators
Table of Contents
Operators by categories
Operators

Definition​

Priority between operators​

Using actions as operators​

Table of Contents​

Operators by categories​

3D​

Arithmetic operators​

BDI​

Casting operators​

Color-related operators​

Comparison operators​

Containers-related operators​

Date-related operators​

Dates​

Displays​

edge​

EDP-related operators​

Files-related operators​

GamaMetaType​

GamaSVGFile​

Graphs-related operators​

Grid-related operators​

ImageOperators​

Iterator operators​

List-related operators​

Logical operators​

Map comparaison operators​

Map-related operators​

Matrix-related operators​

multicriteria operators​

Path-related operators​

Pedestrian​

Points-related operators​

Random operators​

ReverseOperators​

Shape​

Spatial operators​

Spatial properties operators​

Spatial queries operators​

Spatial relations operators​

Spatial statistical operators​

Spatial transformations operators​

Species-related operators​

Statistical operators​

Strings-related operators​

SubModel​

System​

Time-related operators​

Types-related operators​

User control operators​

Operators​

IDW​

Possible uses:​

Result:​

Examples:​

image​

Possible uses:​

Result:​

image_file​

Possible uses:​

Result:​

Special cases:​

in​

Possible uses:​

Result:​

Comment:​

Special cases:​

Examples:​

in_degree_of​

Possible uses:​

Result:​

Examples:​

in_edges_of​

Possible uses:​

Result:​

Examples:​

incomplete_beta​

Possible uses:​

Result:​

Examples:​

Definition

Priority between operators

Using actions as operators

Table of Contents

Operators by categories

3D

Arithmetic operators

BDI

Casting operators

Color-related operators

Comparison operators

Containers-related operators

Date-related operators

Dates

Displays

edge

EDP-related operators

Files-related operators

GamaMetaType

GamaSVGFile

Graphs-related operators

Grid-related operators

ImageOperators

Iterator operators

List-related operators

Logical operators

Map comparaison operators

Map-related operators

Matrix-related operators

multicriteria operators

Path-related operators

Pedestrian

Points-related operators

Random operators

ReverseOperators

Shape

Spatial operators

Spatial properties operators

Spatial queries operators

Spatial relations operators

Spatial statistical operators

Spatial transformations operators

Species-related operators

Statistical operators

Strings-related operators

SubModel

System

Time-related operators

Types-related operators

User control operators

Operators

`IDW`

Possible uses:

Result:

Examples:

`image`

Possible uses:

Result:

`image_file`

Possible uses:

Result:

Special cases:

`in`

Possible uses:

Result:

Comment:

Special cases:

Examples:

`in_degree_of`

Possible uses:

Result:

Examples:

`in_edges_of`

Possible uses:

Result:

Examples:

`incomplete_beta`

Possible uses:

Result:

Examples: